與農(nóng)業(yè)相關(guān)的氣候變化適應(yīng)理念
氣候智慧型農(nóng)業(yè)。該理念由聯(lián)合國(guó)糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織(FAO)提出,即持續(xù)提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力,增強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)對(duì)自然災(zāi)害及氣候變化抵抗能力的同時(shí),能更好地適應(yīng)氣候變化、減緩農(nóng)業(yè)溫室氣體排放,增強(qiáng)糧食安全和農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式和發(fā)展模式。符合該理念的具體行動(dòng)方案包括可持續(xù)乳業(yè)、氣候智慧型價(jià)值鏈等。目前全球范圍內(nèi)已經(jīng)有了氣候智慧型農(nóng)業(yè)聯(lián)盟,該聯(lián)盟中有很多倡議都是在推動(dòng)整個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)對(duì)于氣候變化的減緩和適應(yīng)25。
氣候韌性農(nóng)業(yè)。該理念主要強(qiáng)調(diào)通過(guò)農(nóng)業(yè)適應(yīng)的行為來(lái)減少氣候變化的影響,提升農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)對(duì)于氣候變化的韌性,傾向于更少考慮農(nóng)業(yè)減緩方面,更多考慮農(nóng)業(yè)適應(yīng)方面。該理念也特別提出了可以利用基于自然的解決方案(NbS)來(lái)改善農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài),促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)對(duì)減緩氣候變化的作用26。
例如,國(guó)際玉米小麥改良中心(CIMMYT)預(yù)測(cè),到2030年,干旱和氣溫上升將使全球玉米單產(chǎn)降低高達(dá)30%。為解決這一問(wèn)題,CIMMYT成功開(kāi)發(fā)超過(guò)百種新的玉米品種,并在非洲推廣。通過(guò)使用抗旱玉米品種,津巴布韋農(nóng)民在干旱年份每公頃玉米產(chǎn)量能達(dá)到600公斤,可以帶來(lái)240美元的額外收入,足夠滿足當(dāng)?shù)匾粋€(gè)六口之家9個(gè)月的生活。
再如,國(guó)際農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展基金會(huì)在2012年啟動(dòng)了小農(nóng)農(nóng)業(yè)適應(yīng)項(xiàng)目,以針對(duì)不同非洲國(guó)家的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展需求,幫助他們建立更加多樣化的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)模式,并引入技術(shù)手段,如短信實(shí)時(shí)發(fā)送天氣預(yù)報(bào),讓農(nóng)民更加及時(shí)地了解天氣變化。截至2017年,該項(xiàng)目已發(fā)放約3.05億美元的援助資金。非洲大陸目前擁有390個(gè)數(shù)字解決方案,這些方案將非洲的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力提高了73%,農(nóng)民平均收入增加了37%27。
基于自然的解決方案(NbS)。該理念指基于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的功能來(lái)考慮減緩和適應(yīng)的方案,現(xiàn)在全球在大力推動(dòng)NbS在減緩、適應(yīng)等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用。不過(guò),目前全球NbS的實(shí)施數(shù)量仍然有限,各國(guó)實(shí)施情況差距明顯。
《2020年適應(yīng)差距報(bào)告》中統(tǒng)計(jì)了942個(gè)采用了NbS的項(xiàng)目,從項(xiàng)目的國(guó)別分布來(lái)看,全球有6個(gè)國(guó)家提出了超過(guò)30個(gè)NbS方案,分別是巴西、哥倫比亞、印度尼西亞、秘魯、英國(guó)和美國(guó)。40個(gè)國(guó)家尚未實(shí)施過(guò)相關(guān)方案,91個(gè)國(guó)家的實(shí)施數(shù)量在1到5之間。中國(guó)NbS項(xiàng)目數(shù)量位于11到20個(gè)之間,屬于中等水平28??梢?jiàn),如何因地制宜地設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施NbS方案并發(fā)揮其巨大潛力,仍然是各國(guó)、各區(qū)域面臨的重要問(wèn)題。
再生農(nóng)業(yè)。該理念由羅代爾研究所(Rodale Institute)提出,指通過(guò)免耕輪作、種植覆蓋有機(jī)質(zhì)的方法來(lái)提高農(nóng)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)率,減少能源、化學(xué)品的投入,同時(shí)改善土壤的健康。該機(jī)構(gòu)做的先期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),再生農(nóng)業(yè)作為全面的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)模式革新,不但能減少能源投入,還能增加農(nóng)民的利潤(rùn),最重要的是能減少溫室氣體排放和提升農(nóng)業(yè)應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的韌性29。
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資助項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家社會(huì)科學(xué)基金重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目“雙碳目標(biāo)下中國(guó)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型的關(guān)鍵風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和應(yīng)對(duì)戰(zhàn)略研究(22AZD098)
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文丨陳敏鵬 蘇詢 中國(guó)人民大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)與農(nóng)村發(fā)展學(xué)院
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來(lái)源丨《可持續(xù)發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)導(dǎo)刊》2023年第3期
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