加拿大積極發(fā)展穩(wěn)健的碳管理解決方案
加拿大擁有豐富的有利于CO2封存的地質(zhì)條件、世界首批大型示范項(xiàng)目、先進(jìn)的研究和測(cè)試設(shè)施、以及強(qiáng)有力的政策和監(jiān)管環(huán)境等優(yōu)勢(shì),使其成為全球碳管理的先行者,并具有較強(qiáng)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。加拿大在全球
碳捕集與封存項(xiàng)目部署中名列全球第3[12],并在全球
碳捕集與封存法律和監(jiān)管指標(biāo)的評(píng)價(jià)中名列全球第5[13]。2022年,加拿大發(fā)布《2030年減排計(jì)劃:關(guān)于加拿大清潔空氣和強(qiáng)大經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃的下一步行動(dòng)》[14],提出要制定CCUS戰(zhàn)略,繼續(xù)推進(jìn)其在CCUS方面的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用。作為2030年減排計(jì)劃的響應(yīng),2023年9月,加拿大發(fā)布《碳管理戰(zhàn)略》[15],概述了加拿大促進(jìn)具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和穩(wěn)健的碳管理發(fā)展的五個(gè)關(guān)鍵優(yōu)先領(lǐng)域,包括加速創(chuàng)新與研發(fā)、推進(jìn)政策法規(guī)、吸引投資與貿(mào)易機(jī)會(huì)、擴(kuò)大項(xiàng)目與基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、建立伙伴關(guān)系并培養(yǎng)勞動(dòng)力,并提出碳管理發(fā)展路線圖:①到2030年,CCUS部署將支持許多行業(yè)的脫碳,同時(shí)加快開(kāi)發(fā)早期階段的碳管理解決方案。②到2040年,減排技術(shù)將在工業(yè)領(lǐng)域得到快速應(yīng)用,碳去除技術(shù)也將擴(kuò)大規(guī)模。③到2050年,在多個(gè)工業(yè)部門和地區(qū)廣泛部署碳管理技術(shù),并通過(guò)碳管理技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)加拿大凈零排放目標(biāo)。
總結(jié)與展望
美歐等將碳管理技術(shù)定位為實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和目標(biāo)必不可少技術(shù),在其各自的碳管理戰(zhàn)略中指出,實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和目標(biāo)需要碳管理技術(shù)貢獻(xiàn)相當(dāng)量的二氧化
碳減排量,如美國(guó)到2050年每年需要捕集和封存4~18億噸二氧化碳。德國(guó)前幾屆政府對(duì)碳捕集與封存態(tài)度比較謹(jǐn)慎,2012年曾發(fā)布法律限制碳捕集與封存使用,但2023年將碳捕集與封存定位為氣候和工業(yè)議程的一部分,2024年2月26日發(fā)布的《碳管理要點(diǎn)》標(biāo)志著德國(guó)政府對(duì)碳捕集與封存技術(shù)態(tài)度的最終徹底轉(zhuǎn)變[16]。由此可以看出,全球推動(dòng)碳管理的共識(shí)正在逐步擴(kuò)大,碳管理將得到越來(lái)越廣泛的認(rèn)可和重視,發(fā)展前景廣闊。
同時(shí),碳管理技術(shù)應(yīng)用也面臨著一些挑戰(zhàn),如前期投資成本高、低碳產(chǎn)品供需匹配的關(guān)注度低、貫穿整個(gè)價(jià)值鏈的綜合監(jiān)管框架缺乏、跨價(jià)值鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(如泄漏責(zé)任、運(yùn)輸或封存基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的不健全等)以及對(duì)私人與公共投資的激勵(lì)措施不足等。因此,若要促進(jìn)碳管理的快速發(fā)展,在國(guó)家層面需要建立強(qiáng)有力的支持政策和監(jiān)管環(huán)境以降低碳管理部署的成本;在國(guó)際層面需要擴(kuò)大國(guó)際合作與交流,開(kāi)展技術(shù)創(chuàng)新合作以降低行業(yè)應(yīng)用成本,同時(shí)在統(tǒng)一碳管理活動(dòng)的報(bào)告和核算方面需推進(jìn)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). Critical and Emerging Technologies List Update.(2024-02-)https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Critical-and-Emerging-Technologies-List-2024-Update.pdf
[2] Carbon Management Challenge (CMC). https://www.carbonmanagementchallenge.org/cmc/
[3] COP28 UAE. Carbon Management: Essential Pillar to Keep 1.5 ℃ Alive. https://www.cop28.com/en/schedule/carbon-management-essential-pillar-to-keep-1-5c-alive
[4] Carbon Management Challenge (CMC). https://www.carbonmanagementchallenge.org/cmc/participants
[5] DOE. DOE's Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Makes Historic Shift to Center Work on Climate Change. https://www.energy.gov/fecm/articles/does-office-fossil-energy-and-carbon-management-makes-historic-shift-center-work
[6] DOE. FECM Releases Strategic Vision, Outlining Priorities That Will Support The U.S. Government In Achieving Net-Zero Emissions By 2050. https://www.energy.gov/fecm/articles/fecm-releases-strategic-vision-outlining-priorities-will-support-us-government
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[9] U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. Responsible Carbon Management Initiative. https://www.energy.gov/fecm/responsible-carbon-management-initiative
[10] European Commission. Towards an ambitious Industrial Carbon Management for the EU. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2024%3A62%3AFIN&qid=1707312980822
[11] Bundesministeriumfür Wirtschaftund Klimaschutz. Bundesminister Habeck will den Einsatz von
CCS ermöglichen: „Ohne
CCS können wir unmöglich die Klimaziele erreichen.“https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/DE/Pressemitteilungen/2024/02/20240226-habeck-will-den-einsatz-von-ccs-ermoeglichen.html
[12] Global CCS Institute. Global Status of CCS report 2023. https://status23.globalccsinstitute.com/
[13] Global CCS Institute. CCS Legal and Regulatory Indicator2023. https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CCS-Legal-and-Regulatory-Indicator-Report-Global-CCS-Institute-.pdf
[14] Government of Canada. 2030 Emissions Reduction Plan – Canada’s Next Steps for Clean Air and a Strong Economy. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/news/2022/03/2030-emissions-reduction-plan--canadas-next-steps-for-clean-air-and-a-strong-economy.html
[15] Natural Resources Canada. Minister Wilkinson Releases Canada’s Carbon Management Strategy. https://www.canada.ca/en/natural-resources-canada/news/2023/09/minister-wilkinson-releases-canadas-carbon-management-strategy.html
[16] Global CCS Institute. CCS in Germany’s Decarbonisation Pathway: State of Play and Way Forward. https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CCS-in-Germany-05032024-2.pdf
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