自愿碳市場的餡餅與陷阱：知名企業(yè)花錢忙漂綠，“碳倒?fàn)敗比绾毋@空子？

 

挪威咨詢公司DNV碳管理方案經(jīng)理栗廣宇告訴《知識分子》，中國企業(yè)除了國家的碳中和目標(biāo)，也面臨諸多外部挑戰(zhàn)，比如歐盟碳邊境調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制，所以CCER的存在與未來發(fā)展非常有意義，尤其它在何種程度上可以與國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)互認(rèn)。

 

陳美安提到，CCER與前文提及的VCS、Gold Standard和American Carbon Registry等都是被國際航空組織碳抵消與減排機(jī)制認(rèn)可的減排項目體系。這代表在民航組織的語境下，CCER可以得到一定的國際認(rèn)可。

 

當(dāng)前，雀巢、開云、古奇等跨國企業(yè)正在引領(lǐng)氣候變化議題下最新一輪運動，公開抵制用來漂綠的碳抵消[35]。栗廣宇表示，雖然目前碳信用在國際語境下飽受爭議，但我們還是應(yīng)該從發(fā)展的角度看問題，畢竟多數(shù)企業(yè)甚至對碳中和還沒有觀念和行動。

 

自愿碳市場和碳信用項目都仍有存在的意義，它們不僅曾為自然系統(tǒng)保護(hù)和低碳技術(shù)發(fā)展提供了一部分亟需的資金，也仍有潛力在爭議和大眾的監(jiān)管中進(jìn)一步完善其方法論，并涵蓋更多創(chuàng)新項目，比如多位受訪者提到的海藻養(yǎng)殖、再生農(nóng)業(yè)等，都值得更多的研究探索和資金投入。

 

參考資料：

[1] CAT net zero target evaluations. (n.d.). CAT Net Zero Target Evaluations | Climate Action Tracker. https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-net-zero-target-evaluations/

 

Visual Capitalist. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/sp/race-to-net-zero-carbon-neutral-goals-by-country/

 

[2]靠買碳匯實現(xiàn)碳中和？企業(yè)疑似“漂綠”引爭議https://www.yicai.com/news/101763481.html

 

[3] Hannah Ritchie, Max Roser and Pablo Rosado (2022) - "Energy". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/energy'

 

[4]企業(yè)如何進(jìn)行綠電消費？ChatGPT也來支招. (2023, February 23). 企業(yè)如何進(jìn)行綠電消費？ChatGPT也來支招. https://www.carbonstop.net/oridetail8882/

 

[5]Our climate target | Shell Global. “Our Climate Target | Shell Global,” n.d. https://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/the-energy-future/our-climate-target.html.

 

[6]可持續(xù)航空燃料SAF是概念還是產(chǎn)業(yè)？| 界面 · 財經(jīng)號. “可持續(xù)航空燃料SAF是概念還是產(chǎn)業(yè)？| 界面 · 財經(jīng)號,” n.d. https://m.jiemian.com/article/6360641.html.

 

[7]Greenfield, Patrick. “Delta Air Lines Faces Lawsuit over $1bn Carbon Neutrality Claim.” the Guardian, May 30, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/30/delta-air-lines-lawsuit-carbon-neutrality-aoe.

 

[8]Greenfield, Patrick, and Jillian Ambrose. “Adverts Claiming Products Are Carbon Neutral by Using Offsetting Face UK Ban.” the Guardian, May 15, 2023.https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/15/uk-advertising-watchdog-to-crack-down-on-carbon-offsetting-claims-aoe.

 

[9]中國自愿碳市場發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，https://carbonstop.net/domedetail8871/

 

[10] Voluntary carbon markets: how they work, how they’re priced and who’s involved, https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/blogs/energy-transition/061021-voluntary-carbon-markets-pricing-participants-trading-corsia-credits

 

[11]用來說明一家公司、政府或是組織以某些行為或行動宣示自身對環(huán)境保護(hù)的付出但實際上卻是反其道而行。

 

[12] Showcase project by the world’s biggest carbon trader actually resulted in more carbon emissions, https://www.ftm.eu/articles/south-pole-kariba-carbon-emission

 

[13] Lexology. “從‘額外性’角度考量碳信用項目,” n.d. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=19179e1a-59a8-4078-86f6-1db62e3fd0c9

 

[14] These Trees Are Not What They Seem, https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2020-nature-conservancy-carbon-offsets-trees/

 

[15] Morton, Adam. “Forest Regeneration That Earned Multimillion-Dollar Carbon Credits Resulted in Fewer Trees, Analysis Finds.” the Guardian, November 6, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/07/forest-regeneration-that-earned-multimillion-dollar-carbon-credits-resulted-in-fewer-trees-analysis-finds .

 

[16] The Real Trees Delivering Fake Corporate Climate Progress, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-12-17/the-real-trees-delivering-fake-climate-progress-for-corporate-america

 

[17]生態(tài)變「錢」：當(dāng)碳匯仲介來敲門，你會賣空氣嗎？https://theinitium.com/article/20230621-anthropocene-when-air-can-be-sold-as-carbon-credit/

 

[18] It’s Still Hard to Spot ‘Pink Sheets’ Carbon Offsets: Sparklines, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-13/it-s-still-hard-to-spot-pink-sheets-carbon-offsets-sparklines

 

[19] Junk Carbon Offsets Are What Make

 

These Big Companies ‘Carbon Neutral’, https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2022-carbon-offsets-renewable-energy/

 

[20]Greenfield, Patrick. “Revealed: More than 90% of Rainforest Carbon Offsets by Biggest Certifier Are Worthless, Analysis Shows.” the Guardian, January 18, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/18/revealed-forest-carbon-offsets-biggest-provider-worthless-verra-aoe.

 

[21]碳中和與采購：企業(yè)領(lǐng)航，勢在必行 – McKinsey Greater China. “碳中和與采購：企業(yè)領(lǐng)航，勢在必行– McKinsey Greater China,” July 22, 2023. https://www.mckinsey.com.cn/%E7%A2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%8E%E9%87%87%E8%B4%AD%EF%BC%9A%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E9%A2%86%E8%88%AA%EF%BC%8C%E5%8A%BF%E5%9C%A8%E5%BF%85%E8%A1%8C/ 

 

[22]Environmental, Social, And Governance: Too Late For Net-Zero Emissions By 2050? The Potential Of Forests And Soils | S&P Global Ratings. https://www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/200604-environmental-social-and-governance-too-late-for-net-zero-emissions-by-2050-the-potential-of-forests-and-s-11500248.

 

[23] SBTi CRITERIA AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEAR-TERM TARGETS (Version 5.1)  https://sciencebasedtargets.org/resources/files/SBTi-criteria.pdf

 

[24]“什么是碳排放配額、自愿減排量（CCER）？_CCER【碳交易網(wǎng)——全球領(lǐng)先的碳市場中文門戶網(wǎng)站】,” n.d. http://www.tanjiaoyi.com/article-50442-1.html.

 

[25] 新經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家智庫研究員樊博：企業(yè)應(yīng)避免大量依賴碳抵消而陷入“漂綠”爭議_運營_中國_節(jié)能. (2023, May 23). https://www.sohu.com/a/678150101_120913760

 

[26]新經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家智庫研究員樊博：企業(yè)應(yīng)避免大量依賴碳抵消而陷入“漂綠”爭議_運營_中國_節(jié)能. (2023, May 23). https://www.sohu.com/a/678150101_120913760

 

[27]中國企業(yè)脫碳準(zhǔn)備度-調(diào)研報告。德勤中國（2021，五月)

 

https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/risk/deloitte-cn-risk-china-decarbonization-report-zh-210507.pdf

 

[28]Initium Media. “Initium Media,” n.d. https://theinitium.com/article/20230621-anthropocene-when-air-can-be-sold-as-carbon-credit/.

 

[29]呂雅寧蘇建勛. “雀巢和Gucci，要放棄碳中和承諾？ | 36碳焦點"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/GCDiRqffQnP9VWnDZ9Jm9w

 

[30]王方玉蘇建勛. “CCER碳市場將開，你，準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？｜36碳焦點.” https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/v5jnqON8LGaYpqUrpW9nhA

 

[31]我國重啟CCER市場還需打通哪些“堵點”？_碳排放交易網(wǎng)——全球領(lǐng)先的碳市場門戶中文網(wǎng)站. http://theclergymen.com/CCER/202212/0592818.html

 

[32]  生態(tài)環(huán)境部就《溫室氣體自愿減排交易管理辦法（試行）》公開征求社會意見_中華人民共和國生態(tài)環(huán)境部, July 7, 2023. https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202307/t20230707_1035618.shtml

 

[33]財經(jīng). “專訪生態(tài)環(huán)境部應(yīng)對氣候變化司司長李高：全國碳排放配額已成交2.37億噸，CCER收集方法學(xué)建議300余項” https://m.21jingji.com/article/20230714/herald/b5b006c30616a59d0fcd7081f0d6e532.html

 

[34]王方玉蘇建勛. “CCER碳市場將開，你，準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？｜36碳焦點."點.” https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/v5jnqON8LGaYpqUrpW9nhA

 

[35] Bloomberg. Nestle drops carbon neutral pledge for kitkats. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-28/nestle-drops-carbon-neutral-pledge-for-kitkats-san-pellegrino-and-perrier#xj4y7vzkg